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[1] IIED – International Institute for Environment and Development (2020), Coronavirus threat looms large for low-income cities. Available at: https://www.iied.org/coronavirus-threat-looms-large-for-low-income-cities

[2] Annie Wilkinson (2020), The impact of COVID-19 in informal settlements. Cities Alliance – Cities without Slums. Available at: https://www.citiesalliance.org/newsroom/news/urban-news/impact-covid-19-informal-settlements

[3] Jaime Cerda L. and Gonzalo Valdivia C. (2007), “John Snow, the cholera epidemic and the foundation of modern epidemiology.” Ed. Revista Chilena Infectología 2007; 24 (4): 331-334. Available at: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-10182007000400014

[4] Francesco Aimone (2010), “The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in New York City: A Review of the Public Health Response”. Public Health Reports 2010; 125(Suppl 3): 71–79. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862336/

[5] United Nations (2019). Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/goal-11/

[6] UN-Habitat (2007), State of the Worlds Cities. Available at: https://mirror.unhabitat.org/documents/media_centre/sowcr2006/SOWCR%205.pdf

[7] Theartnewspaper (2020). Letter from Spain: Arco exhibition centre is now a coronavirus hospital. Available at: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/comment/letter-from-spain

[8] UN- Habitat / CRGP (2018), Social Resilience Guide. Available at: http://urbanresiliencehub.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Social-Resilience-Guide-SMALL-Pages-1.pdf


[9] United Nations (1948), Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available at: https://www.un.org/es/universal-declaration-human-rights/

[10] United Nations (2018), Social Protection and Human Rights. Available at: https://socialprotection-humanrights.org

[11] UN-Habitat / CRGP (2018), City Resilience Profiling Tool Guide. Available at: http://urbanresiliencehub.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/CRPT-Guide-Pages-Online.pdf

[12] United Nations (2015), Sustainable Development Goals 2015. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld

[13] Max-Neef M. A. (1991), Human Scale Development: Conception, Application and Further Reflections, The Apex Press New York and London.

[14] UN – Habitat (2016). New Urban Agenda. Available at: http://habitat3.org/the-new-urban-agenda/

[15] Cities for Global Health (2020). Available at: https://www.citiesforglobalhealth.org

[16] Cities for Adequate Housing (2028). Municipalist Declaration of Local Governments for the Right to Housing and the Right to the City. Available: https://citiesforhousing.org/#section–0

[17] Sphere Standards (2020), The Sphere Standards and the Coronavirus Response. Available at: https://spherestandards.org/wp-content/uploads/Coronavirus-guidance-2020.pdf

[18] Ian Klaus (2020), City Lab. Pandemics Are Also an Urban Planning Problem. Available at: https://www.citylab.com/design/2020/03/coronavirus-urban-planning-global-cities-infectious-disease/607603/

[19] UN – Habitat. Key messages on COVID-19 and informal settlements. Available at: https://unhabitat.org/key-messages-on-covid-19-and-informal-settlements

COVID-19, Slums and Resilience

In the world of disaster risk reduction and resilience, it is always said that crises should be windows of opportunity; although when we are immersed in one of those crises, as is the case of the current global emergency of COVID- 19, it is really difficult to think this way, especially in slums,[1] now seriously threatened[2] in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean.

However, if we go back in time and review other urban global crises, it is possible to see how crisis can come with in-depth urban transformation. In London in 1665 we had the bubonic plague epidemic, and in 1854, the cholera epidemic,[3] which brought with it the first mapping and epidemiological studies and modified the logic of the fabric of cities. The Spanish flu, from 1918, also affected Mexico City and New York, teaching us that in dense and degraded urban areas, populated by people in vulnerable situations, the interconnections and systemic nature of the problem mean that solutions necessarily have to come from a strengthening of the public health system.[4] However, in 2014, with the Ebola crisis, we saw how in Freetown, Conakry or Monrovia, the rural and urban links, the cultural identity and traditions, and the extreme complexity of the interconnections of the urban system, turned these fragile and un-planned cities into a challenge for the international community, which attempted to break the chain of infection and save as many lives as possible.

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urbanNext (March 31, 2023) COVID-19, Slums and Resilience. Retrieved from https://urbannext.net/covid-19-slums-resilience/.
COVID-19, Slums and Resilience.” urbanNext – March 31, 2023, https://urbannext.net/covid-19-slums-resilience/
urbanNext April 7, 2020 COVID-19, Slums and Resilience., viewed March 31, 2023,<https://urbannext.net/covid-19-slums-resilience/>
urbanNext – COVID-19, Slums and Resilience. [Internet]. [Accessed March 31, 2023]. Available from: https://urbannext.net/covid-19-slums-resilience/
COVID-19, Slums and Resilience.” urbanNext – Accessed March 31, 2023. https://urbannext.net/covid-19-slums-resilience/
COVID-19, Slums and Resilience.” urbanNext [Online]. Available: https://urbannext.net/covid-19-slums-resilience/. [Accessed: March 31, 2023]

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