[1] This is discussed at greater length in the section Strange Specificity.

[2] DeLanda 1995.

[3] A short history outlining the relationship of complex systems and architecture is described in my PhD dissertation ‘Behavioral Formation: Multi-Agent Algorithmic Design Strategies’ (Snooks 2014, pp. 19-28).

[4] ‘Affect’, ‘affectual’ and ‘affective’ are used to refer to the emotional effect of architectural space on the subject; see Glossary of Terms.

[5] See Glossary of Terms.

[6] Distributed authorship in architecture, and its analogy to Web 2.0 concepts, is discussed by Mario Carpo in the essay ‘Digital Indeterminism: The New Digital Commons and the Dissolution of Architectural Authorship’ (Lorenzo- Eiroa 2013, pp. 47–51).

[7] Mario Carpo posits that Renaissance humanists, and in particular Alberti, ‘invented architecture as an art of drawing, and the notion of the modern architect as a new kind of humanist author—a thinker and maker of drawings’ (Lorenzo-Eiroa 2013, p. 48).

[8] The stopping problem was a critique of animate processes, which questioned the logic for stopping the process at any given frame or point in time.

[9] Lynn’s work has been hugely influential within generative architectural design and is an important precursor to this research. This is discussed further in the Multi-Agent Algorithms section.

[10] In particular, this is a reference to Gaudi’s catenary models and Otto’s soap-film models, which are discussed in greater detail in the Volatility section.

[11] The nature of the design intention within this body of work is most clearly described through the individual projects and their descriptions.

[12] With the growing adoption of machine learning, and the pattern recognition capacity of neural networks, the automation of pseudo-qualitative evaluation is increasingly feasible. However, this typically presupposes an a priori body of training data, which inherently limits the speculative capacity of the design search.

[13] See Glossary of Terms.

[14] Swarm intelligence is discussed in greater detail in the Behavioral Methodologies section.

[15] ‘Edge of chaos’ refers to the state of a system that is between order and chaos. This is a state of maximum complexity.

[16] Far-from-equilibrium systems are those in a state of dynamic equilibrium. The term was coined by Ilya Prigogine in relation to thermodynamics.

[17] See RMIT Mace and Babiy Yar Project sections.

[18] Holland 1999, p 3.

[19] Crutchfield 1994.

[20] The qualitative nature of Wolfram’s classifications is discussed in greater depth in the Volatility section.

[21] These formal characteristics include properties such as the curvature or local organization of parts, and their behavior can be illustrated through the example of liquid foam. In generating foam, the topology or size of the bubbles is unpredictable, but their foaminess is a stable emergent characteristic.
This concept is described in greater detail in the article ‘Observations on the Algorithmic Emergence of Character’ (Snooks, in Abruzzo 2007, pp. 92–101).

[22] The Composite Wing is an example that integrates structural heuristics within a generative algorithmic process. See Composite Wing Project section.

[23] ‘Indexical’ is used to describe an object that indexes, or refers to, its process of formation in which there is a causal relationship between formation and the characteristics of the object.

[24] A critique of the purist application on indexical algorithms is outlined in the Volatility section.

[25] These projects include the RMIT Meeting Pavilion, Babiy Yar, and Malibu House. See the corresponding project sections and the Catalog of Projects.

[26] This use of geological forms is discussed in greater detail in the Strange Specificity section.

[27] See the AgentBodies Strategy section.

[28] See Catalog of Projects and NGV Pavilion Project section respectively.

[29] The messy, hairy characteristics developed in this work have been influenced by the work of Jason Payne and Francois Roche.

[30] An argument for procedural fabrication is expanded on in the Behavioral Composites Strategy and AgentBody Prototypes Project sections.

[31] See Stigmergic Robotics Strategy section.

[32] See Fibrous Tower Project section.

[33] This is the logic of describing a spline surface.

[34] Contemporary multi-objective optimization algorithms enable the negotiation of a series of different criteria; however, these algorithms are limited to dealing with quantitative rather than qualitative concerns.

[35] This discrete articulation of systems is a typical characteristic of Modern architecture, which reached its apex in British high-tech, with architects such as Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, and Nicholas Grimshaw.

[36] Although it is worth noting that structures in nature that evolve through self-organizing processes, such as the formation of bone, are highly optimal.

[37] See Catalog of Projects.