This paper explores the systems and digital tools that underpin the development of Smart Cities, focusing on the modeling of physical urban systems such as buildings, infrastructures, and public space. It examines how data-driven approaches—through Building Information Modeling (BIM), Civil Information Modeling (CIM), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and CityGML—can improve the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of urban environments. Special attention is given to the need for interoperability between these tools, enabling the integration of asset, operational, and environmental data across scales. By synthesizing methods and applications, the study highlights the potential of digital modeling to transform urban management, optimize resources, and enhance the quality of life for citizens.
